AGEs accumulation is related to muscle degeneration and vascular calcification in peritoneal dialysis patients / O acúmulo de AGEs está relacionado à degeneração muscular e calcificação vascular em pacientes em diálise peritoneal

Abstract Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are affected by dynapenia, sarcopenia, and vascular calcification. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may accumulate in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and favor sarcopenia via changes in collagen cross-linking, muscle protein breakdown, and the calcification of arterial smooth muscle cells via p38-MAPK activation. The aim of this study is to explore the relationships between AGEs, muscle degeneration, and coronary artery calcification. Methods: This was a clinical observational study in patients with CKD undergoing PD, in which serum and skin AGEs (AGEs-sAF), cumulative glucose load, muscle strength and functional tests, muscle ultrasounds with elastography, coronary artery calcium (CAC) quantification, and muscle density by multislice computed tomography were measured. Results: 27 patients aged 48±16 years, dialysis vintage of 27±17 months, had AGEs-sAF levels of 3.09±0.65 AU (elevated in 13 [87%] patients), grip strength levels of 26.2±9.2 kg (11 [42%] patients with dynapenia), gait speed of 1.04±0.3 m/s (abnormal in 14 [58%] patients) and "timed-up-and-go test" (TUG) of 10.5±2.2s (abnormal in 7 [26%] patients). Correlations between AGEs-sAF levels and femoral rectus elastography (R=-0.74; p=0.02), anterior-tibialis elastography (R= -0.68; p=0.04) and CAC (R=0.64; p=0.04) were detected. Cumulative glucose load correlated with femoral rectal elastography (R=-0.6; p=0.02), and serum glycated hemoglobin concentrations correlated with psoas muscle density (R= -0.58; p=0.04) and CAC correlated with psoas muscle density (R=0.57; p=0.01) and lumbar square muscle density (R=-0.63; p=0.005). Conclusions: The study revealed associations between AGEs accumulation and lower muscle stiffness/density. Associations that linked muscle degeneration parameters with vascular calcification were observed.

Resumo Histórico: Pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) são afetados pela dinapenia, sarcopenia e calcificação vascular. Produtos finais da glicação avançada (AGEs) podem se acumular em pacientes em diálise peritoneal (DP) e favorecer a sarcopenia por meio de alterações em ligações cruzadas do colágeno, quebra da proteína muscular e calcificação das células do músculo liso arterial por meio da ativação da p38-MAPK. O objetivo deste estudo é explorar as relações entre AGEs, degeneração muscular e calcificação da artéria coronária. Métodos: Este foi um estudo clínico observacional em pacientes com DRC submetidos à DP, no qual foram medidos os AGEs séricos e teciduais (AGEs-sAF), a carga cumulativa de glicose, a força muscular e testes funcionais, ultrassonografias musculares com elastografia, quantificação do cálcio da artéria coronária (CAC), e a densidade muscular por tomografia computadorizada multislice. Resultados: 27 pacientes com idade entre 48±16 anos, tempo de diálise entre 27±17 meses, tinham níveis de AGEs-sAF de 3,09±0,65 UA (elevado em 13 [87%] pacientes), níveis de força de preensão de 26,2±9,2 kg (11 [42%] pacientes com dinapenia), velocidade de marcha de 1,04±0,3 m/s (anormal em 14 [58%] pacientes) e teste "timed-up-and-go" (TUG) de 10,5±2,2s (anormal em 7 [26%] pacientes). Foram detectadas correlações entre os níveis AGEs-sAF e a elastografia do reto femoral (R=-0,74; p=0,02), a elastografia tibial anterior (R= -0,68; p=0,04) e a CAC (R=0,64; p=0,04). A carga cumulativa de glicose se correlacionou com a elastografia do reto femoral (R=-0,6; p=0,02), as concentrações séricas de hemoglobina glicada se correlacionaram com a densidade muscular do psoas (R= -0,58; p=0,04) e o CAC se correlacionou com a densidade do músculo psoas (R=-0,57; p=0,01) e a densidade do músculo quadrado lombar (R=-0,63; p=0,005). Conclusões: O estudo revelou associações entre o acúmulo de AGEs e menor rigidez/densidade muscular. Foram observadas associações que ligavam parâmetros de degeneração muscular com a calcificação vascular.

Biomarkers of bone and mineral disorders (FGF-23, fetuin-A) and vascular calcification scores as predictive tools for cardiovascular death in dialysis patients, at 10 years of follow-up / Biomarcadores del metabolismo mineral óseo (FGF-23, fetuína-A) y calcificaciones vasculares como herramientas predictivas de muerte cardiovascular de pacientes en diálisis, a 10 años de seguimiento

Abstract Cardiovascular disorders represent the leading cause of death in dialysis patients. Alterations of bone and mineral metabolism (BMM) and vascular calcifications play a fundamental role in it. The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive role on cardiovascular mortality of the measurement of biomarkers of BMM and vascular calcifications. A prospective cohort study was performed. All prevalent patients on chronic dialysis in September 2009 at our institution, who completed the total of the complementary stud ies, were studied. BMM biomarkers were measured (FGF 23, fetuin A, PTH, calcium and phosphorus) and the vascular calcifications were evaluated using the Kauppila and Adragao scores. Follow-up was carried out until 1/1/2019, death or transplant. Of the 30 patients included, 7 (23.3%) died due to cardiovascular causes. The follow-up time was 44.1 ± 30.4 (range = 1.4-112) months. The Adragao score was the only predictive variable of long-term cardiovascular mortality (area under the curve = 0.82; 95% CI 0.64-0.94; p < 0.001). The best cut-off point was 5 (sensitivity = 85.7%; specificity = 78.3%). It was also an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality adjusted for age, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, aortic calcifications, time spent on dialysis and follow-up time (adjusted OR = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.06-2.96; p = 0.028). The vascular calcifications quantified from the Adragao score were the only independent predictor of long-term cardiovascular mortality. This score represents a simple, useful and superior tool to the biomarkers of BMM.

Resumen Los trastornos cardiovasculares representan la primera causa de muerte en los pacientes en diálisis. Las alteraciones del metabolismo óseo y mineral (MOM) y las calcificaciones vasculares juegan un papel fundamental en la misma. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el rol predictor sobre la mortalidad car diovascular de la medición de los biomarcadores del MOM y las calcificaciones vasculares. Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo. Se estudiaron todos los pacientes prevalentes en diálisis crónica en septiembre del 2009 en nuestra institución que completaron el total de los estudios complementarios. Se midieron biomarcadores del MOM (FGF 23, fetuína A, PTH, calcio y fósforo) y se evaluaron las calcificaciones vasculares mediante los scores de Kauppila y de Adragao. Se realizó un seguimiento hasta el 1/1/2019, la muerte o el trasplante. De los 30 pacientes incluidos, 7 (23.3%) fallecieron por causa cardiovascular. El tiempo de seguimiento fue de 44.1 ± 30.4 (rango = 1.4-112) meses. El score de Adragao fue la única variable predictiva de muerte cardiovascular a largo plazo (área bajo la curva = 0.82; IC95% = 0.64-0.94; p<0.001). El mejor punto de corte fue de 5 (sensibili dad = 85.7%; especificidad = 78.3%). Además, fue un factor de riesgo independiente de muerte cardiovascular ajustado por edad, diabetes mellitus, enfermedad coronaria, calcificaciones aorticas, tiempo de permanencia en diálisis y tiempo de seguimiento (OR ajustado = 1.77; IC95% = 1.06-2.96; p = 0.028). Las calcificaciones vasculares cuantificadas a partir del score de Adragao fueron el único predictor independiente de mortalidad cardiovascular a largo plazo. Este score representa una herramienta simple, útil y superior a los biomarcadores del MOM.

Aortic Arch Calcification on Routine Chest Radiography is Strongly and Independently Associated with Non-Dipper Blood Pressure Pattern / A Calcificação no Arco Aórtico na Radiografia de Tórax de Rotina está Forte e Independentemente Associada ao Padrão Não-Dipper de Pressão Arterial

Abstract Background: Non-dipper blood pressure (NDBP) is one of the important causes of hypertension-related target organ damage and future cardiovascular events. Currently, there is no practical tool to predict NDBP pattern. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between aortic arch calcification (AAC) on chest radiography and NDBP pattern. Methods: All patients referred for ambulatory BP monitoring test were approached for the study participation. NDBP was defined as the reduction of ≤10% in nighttime systolic BP as compared to the daytime values. AAC was evaluated with chest radiography and inter-observer agreement was analyzed by using kappa statistics. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association of AAC and NDBP pattern. A 2-tailed p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 406 patients (median age: 51.3) were included. Of these, 261(64%) had NDBP pattern. Overall, the prevalence of AAC was 230 (57%). Non-dipper group had significantly higher prevalence of AAC (70% vs. 33%, p < 0.0001) as compared to the dipper group. Presence of AAC was a strong and independent predictor of NDBP pattern (OR 3.919, 95%CI 2.39 to 6.42) in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Presence of AAC on plain chest radiography is strongly and independently associated with the presence of NDBP pattern.

Resumo Fundamento: A pressão arterial não-dipper é uma das causas mais importantes de lesão de órgão-alvo da hipertensão e de eventos cardiovasculares futuros. Atualmente, não há uma ferramenta prática para prever o padrão não-dipper de pressão arterial. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre a calcificação no arco aórtico detectada no raio de tórax e o padrão não-dipper de pressão arterial. Métodos: Todos os pacientes encaminhados para monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial foram abordados para participação no estudo. A pressão arterial não-dipper foi definida como a redução de ≤10% da pressão arterial sistólica noturna quando comparada com os valores diários. A calcificação no arco aórtico foi avaliada através de radiografia do tórax e a concordância interobservador foi analisada utilizando a estatística kappa. Análises de regressão logística uni e multivariada foram realizadas para avaliar a associação entre a calcificação no AA e o padrão PADV. Valores de p bicaudais < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: Ao todo, 406 pacientes (idade mediana: 51,3) foram incluídos. Desses, 261(64%) apresentavam padrão não-dipper de pressão arterial. De modo geral, a prevalência de calcificação no arco aórtico foi de 230 (57%). O grupo não-dipper apresentou prevalência significativamente maior de calcificação no arco aórtico (70% vs. 33%, p < 0,0001) em relação ao grupo dipper. A presença de calcificação no arco aórtico foi um preditor forte e independente de padrão não-dipper de pressão arterial (OR = 3,919; IC: 95% 2,39-6,42) em análise multivariada. Conclusões: A presença de calcificação no arco aórtico em raio-x de tórax simples está forte e independentemente associada à presença de padrão não-dipper de pressão arterial.

Effect of spironolactone on the progression of coronary calcification in peritoneal dialysis patients: a pilot study / Efeito da espironolactona na progressão da calcificação coronariana em pacientes em diálise peritoneal: um estudo piloto

ABSTRACT Introduction: There is evidence that aldosterone plays a role in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, on the progression of coronary calcification (CC) in peritoneal dialysis patients and to identify the factors involved in this progression. Methods: Thirty-three patients with a coronary calcium score (CCS) ≥ 30, detected through multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) and expressed in Agatston units, were randomly assigned to a group receiving 25mg spironolactone per day for 12 months (spironolactone group) and a control group not receiving this drug. The primary outcome was a percentage change in CCS from baseline to end of the study (relative progression), when a further MDCT was conducted. Patients who had progression of CC were compared with those who did not progress. Results: Sixteen patients, seven in the spironolactone group and nine in the control group, concluded the study. The relative progression of the CCS was similar in both groups, 17.2% and 27.5% in the spironolactone and control groups respectively. Fifty-seven percent of the treated patients and 67% of those in the control group presented progression in the CC scores (p = 0.697). Progressor patients differed from non-progressors because they presented higher levels of calcium and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lower levels of albumin. Conclusion: In peritoneal dialysis patients, spironolactone did not attenuate the progression of CC. However, large-scale studies are needed to confirm this observation. Disorders of mineral metabolism and dyslipidemia are involved in the progression of CC.

RESUMO Introdução: Existem evidências de que a aldosterona exerça um papel na patogênese da calcificação vascular. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da espironolactona, um antagonista do receptor mineralocorticoide, na progressão da calcificação coronariana (CC) de pacientes em diálise peritoneal, e identificar os fatores envolvidos nessa progressão. Métodos: Trinta e três pacientes com escore de cálcio coronariano (ECC) ≥ 30, detectado por tomografia computadorizada com múltiplos detectores (TCMD) e expresso em unidades de Agatston, foram randomizados para um grupo que recebeu 25 mg de espironolactona por dia durante 12 meses (grupo espironolactona) e um grupo controle que não recebeu este medicamento. O desfecho primário foi a mudança percentual do ECC do início para o final do estudo (progressão relativa), quando uma nova TCMD foi realizada. Os pacientes que tiveram progressão de CC foram comparados com aqueles que não progrediram. Resultados: Dezesseis pacientes, sete no grupo espironolactona e nove no grupo controle, concluíram o estudo. A progressão relativa do ECC foi semelhante nos dois grupos, 17,2% e 27,5% nos grupos espironolactona e controle, respectivamente. Cinquenta e sete por cento dos pacientes tratados e 67% daqueles no grupo controle apresentaram progressão nos escores de CC (p = 0,697). Os pacientes progressores diferiram dos não progressores porque apresentaram níveis séricos mais elevados de cálcio e LDL-colesterol e menores níveis de albumina. Conclusão: Em pacientes em diálise peritoneal, a espironolactona não atenuou a progressão da CC. No entanto, estudos em grande escala são necessários para confirmar essa observação. Distúrbios do metabolismo mineral e dislipidemia estão envolvidos na progressão da CC.

Cirurgia bariátrica e o escore de cálcio coronariano / Bariatric surgery and the coronary artery calcium score

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar o impacto da cirurgia bariátrica no escore de cálcio coronariano (ECC) e estabelecer fatores preditivos de progressão desse escore em pacientes obesos. Métodos: estudo prospectivo de 18 pacientes obesos antes e depois da cirurgia bariátrica. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à tomografia computadorizada e a exames laboratoriais com dosagens sanguíneas de colesterol total, LDL, HDL, triglicerídeos, glicose de jejum, A1C, insulina, cálcio sérico, peptídeo C e proteína C-reativa, para determinar o ECC e o escore de risco de Framingham (ERF). Resultados: o ERF reduziu 50% entre as avaliações pré e pós-operatórias. O ECC médio aumentou significativamente no período pós-operatório, aumentando de 8,5 para 33,1. Os níveis de HDL também aumentaram no pós-operatório. Todas as outras variáveis quantitativas reduziram significativamente no pós-operatório. Ao estratificar o ECC em quatro categorias, foi observado que 22,2% da amostra apresentou ECC=0 no pós-operatório. A prevalência de ECC leve reduziu de 77,8% para 50%, enquanto que ECC moderado permaneceu igual no pré e no pós-operatório (11,1%). ECC grave aumentou de 11,1% para 16,7%. Idade avançada foi associada à progressão do ECC, e essa foi a única variável que apresentou correlação estatística com a progressão do ECC. Conclusão: cirurgia bariátrica produz desfechos cardiovasculares positivos, que, aparentemente, ocorrem de forma independente do ECC.

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate the impact of bariatric surgery on the coronary artery calcium score (CACS), and to establish predictors of progression of this score in patients with obesity. Methods: prospective study that evaluated 18 obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. All patients were submitted to computed tomography scans and blood tests (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose, A1C, insulin, serum calcium, C-peptide and C-Reactive Protein) in order to determine CACS and Framingham risk score (FRS). Results: the FRS decreased 50% between the pre and postoperative evaluations. The mean CACS increased significantly at the late postoperative period, going from 8.5 to 33.1. HDL levels had also increased between the pre and postoperative periods. All of the other quantitative variables reduced significantly at the postoperative evaluation. When dividing CACS into four degrees, it was observed that 22.2% presented CACS=0 at the postoperative evaluation. The prevalence of mild CACS decreased from 77.8% to 50%, while moderate CACS remained the same (11.1%). Severe CACS increased from 11.1% to 16.7%. Older ages were linked to CACS progression, and this was the only variable that presented statistical association with progression. Conclusion: bariatric surgery leads to positive cardiovascular outcomes, apparently regardless of CACS.

Prevalencia y extensión de la calcificación arterial coronaria en población mexicana asintomática cardiovascular: estudio Genética de la Enfermedad Aterosclerosa / Prevalence and extent of coronary artery calcification in an asymptomatic cardiovascular Mexican population: Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease study

Resumen: Objetivo: La prevalencia de calcificación arterial coronaria (CAC), marcador específico de aterosclerosis, no es conocida en México. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar la prevalencia y extensión de CAC y su asociación con factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población mexicana. Métodos: La CAC fue medida por tomografía computarizada multidetector en individuos asintomáticos que participaron en el estudio Genética de la Enfermedad Aterosclerosa. Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y los medicamentos fueron registrados. Resultados: La muestra incluyó 1,423 individuos (49.5% hombres), con una edad de 53.7 ± 8.4 años. Los portadores de CAC mostraron prevalencias más altas de dislipidemia, diabetes, hipertensión y otros factores de riesgo. La prevalencia de CAC > 0 unidades Agatston fue de 27%, significativamente más alta en hombres (40%) que en mujeres (13%). Los valores medios del puntaje de CAC aumentaron consistentemente con la edad y fueron más altos en hombres que en mujeres en todos los grupos etarios. La edad y el c-LDL elevado se asociaron de manera independiente con la prevalencia de CAC > 0 en hombres y mujeres, mientras que la presión arterial sistólica en las mujeres, y el incremento de la edad en ambos géneros mostró una asociación independiente con la severidad de CAC. Conclusiones: En población mexicana la prevalencia y la extensión de CAC fueron mucho más altas en hombres que en mujeres y aumentaron consistentemente con la edad. Los predictores independientes de la prevalencia de CAC fueron la edad y el c-LDL.

Abstract: Objective: The prevalence of coronary artery calcification (CAC), a specific marker of atherosclerosis, is unknown in Mexico. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence and quantity of CAC and their association with cardiovascular risk factors in a Mexican population. Methods: CAC was measured by multidetector computed tomography in asymptomatic subjects who participated in the Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease study. Cardiovascular risk factors and medication were recorded. Results: The sample included 1,423 individuals (49.5% men), aged 53.7 ± 8.4 years. Those with CAC showed a higher prevalence of dyslipidaemia, diabetes, hypertension, and other risk factors. The prevalence of CAC > 0 Agatston units was significantly higher among men (40%) than among women (13%). Mean values of CAC score increased consistently with increasing age and were higher in men than women in each age group. Age and high low density lipoprotein cholesterol were independently associated with prevalence of CAC > 0 in men and women, while increasing systolic blood pressure in women and age in both genders showed an independent association with CAC extension. Conclusions: In the Mexican population the prevalence and extent of CAC were much higher in men than in women, and strongly increased with age. Independent predictors of CAC prevalence were age and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).

Prevalence of factors related to vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis

The main aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of vascular calcifications in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis in our population assessed by X-ray. The secondary objectives were to determine the cardiovascular risk factors associated with the presence of vascular calcifications and to evaluate the complementary use of the echocardiogram in a cross-sectional, observational, multicentric study. We included patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis, age =18 years with at least 3 months of renal replacement therapy in 8 dialysis centres in Argentina. The degree of vascular calcification was determined using Adragao and Kauppila scores. The presence of valvular calcifications was established through a trans-thoracic doppler echocardiogram. Univariate and multivariate analysis were undertaken, considering the degree of vascular calcification as the dependent variable; 443 adult patients were evaluated at 8 centres across 5 provinces in Argentina. The prevalence of vascular calcifications by the X-rays was 63%, while 73% presented calcifications in hands and pelvis, with an Adragao score >3, and 60% presented calcifications in the abdominal aorta with a Kauppila score >4. The prevalence of valvular calcifications: 28%. We have shown a higher rate of vascular calcifications with the use of plain X-rays when compared to the prevalence of valvular calcifications obtained with echocardiograms. In this regard, valvular calcifications were present particularly in those patients with a severe level of radiological vascular calcification.

El objetivo primario del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de calcificaciones vasculares en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en diálisis, a través de métodos accesibles y reproducibles. Como objetivo secundario: determinar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados a la presencia de calcificaciones vasculares y evaluar la utilidad complementaria del ecocardiograma. Fue un estudio prospectivo, transversal y multicéntrico sobre pacientes prevalentes con ERC en diálisis. Se les realizaron radiografía de columna lumbar, de manos y panorámica de pelvis, para la determinación de las escalas de Adragao y Kauppila. La presencia de calcificaciones valvulares fue establecida por ecocardiograma doppler color transtorácico. Se obtuvieron los datos de 30 variables determinadas para el análisis uni y multivariado (regresión logística) de los factores de riesgo asociados. Se evaluaron 443 pacientes adultos de 8 centros de 5 provincias de la Argentina. La prevalencia de calcificaciones vasculares, determinada por las radiografías, fue 63%. La prevalencia de calcificaciones valvulares fue 28%. Las calcificaciones valvulares estuvieron presentes en aquellos pacientes con graves calcificaciones radiológicas. Las calcificaciones estuvieron asociadas a la edad (>55 años), sexo masculino, diabetes, tiempo de diálisis, tabaquismo y la presencia de enfermedad vascular periférica. Este es el estudio con mayor número de pacientes evaluados en Latinoamérica. Se encuentra alta prevalencia de calcificaciones vasculares en Argentina, fácilmente medibles con técnicas no invasivas como la radiografía simple, que resulta más sensible que el ecocardiograma. Ambos estudios deben ser utilizados de manera complementaria.

Correlação entre Índice de Cálcio Cardíaco e Doença Arterial Coronariana / Correlation Between Cardiac Calcium Index and Coronary Artery Disease

Introdução: Depósitos valvares de cálcio quantificados por ecocardiografia transtorácica estão associados à presença de doença aterosclerótica sistêmica, embora seu valor prognóstico e a influência de fatores de risco cardiovascular associados ainda não estejam definidos. Objetivos: Correlacionar o índice de calcificação cardíaca valvar pela ecocardiografia transtorácica com fatores de risco cardiovascular e presença de doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Métodos: Foram selecionados 203 pacientes (61,2 ± 14,3 anos; 57,6% do sexo feminino) que realizaram ecocardiografia transtorácica com quantificação do índice de cálcio cardíaco. A presença ou não de DAC, hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM), dislipidemia e tabagismo foi avaliada. Resultados: Idade acima de 65 anos (p < 0,001) e presença de HAS (p < 0,001) mostraram correlação significativa com a presença de calcificação cardíaca, enquanto que o DM (p = 0,056) e a DAC (p = 0,08) apresentaram apenas uma tendência a se correlacionar com a mesma. A calcificação isolada da valva mitral mostrou correlação significativa com idade acima de 65 anos (p < 0,001), presença de DAC (p = 0,004), HAS (p = 0,054) e DM (p = 0,07), sendo que na análise multivariada a DAC (odds ratio [OR] 3,39, intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 1,58-7,29, p = 0,002) e idade > 65 anos (OR 1,05, IC95% 1,02-1,08, p = 0,003) mostraram correlação significativa e independente com calcificação mitral. A calcificação isolada da valva aórtica não mostrou correlação com a presença de DAC (p = 0,435), mas apresentou uma correlação significativa com idade acima de 65 anos (p < 0,001) e HAS (p < 0,001). Na análise multivariada, apenas a idade (OR 1,1 IC95% 1,06-1,14, p < 0,001) manteve uma correlação independente e significativa com calcificação aórtica. Conclusão: Idade acima de 65 anos e hipertensão arterial sistêmica foram fatores de risco independentes para a presença de calcificação cardíaca valvar, sendo que a calcificação isolada da valva mitral esteve associada de forma significativa e independente com a presença de DAC

Introduction: Valvular deposits of calcium quantified by transthoracic echocardiography are associated with the occurrence of systemic atherosclerotic disease, but its prognostic value and influence of associated cardiovascular risk factors have not been defined yet. Objectives: To correlate the valvular cardiac calcium index by transthoracic echocardiography with cardiovascular risk factors and presence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: We selected 203 patients (61.2 ± 14.3 years; 57.6% females) who underwent transthoracic echocardiography with cardiac calcium index quantification. The presence or absence of CAD, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, and smoking was assessed. Results: Age above 65 years (p < 0.001) and the presence of hypertension (p < 0.001) showed a significant correlation with the presence of cardiac calcification, whereas DM (p = 0.056) and CAD (p = 0.08) showed only a trend toward a correlation with calcification. Mitral valve calcification alone correlated significantly with age above 65 years (p < 0.001), presence of CAD (p = 0.004), hypertension (p = 0.054), and DM (p = 0.07). On multivariate analysis, CAD (odds ratio [OR] 3.39, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.58-7.29, p = 0.002) and age > 65 years (OR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02-1.08, p = 0.003) correlated significantly and independently with mitral valve calcification. Aortic valve calcification alone showed no correlation with the presence of CAD (p = 0.435), but correlated significantly with age above 65 years (p < 0.001) and hypertension (p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, only age (OR 1.1, 95%CI 1.06-1.14, p < 0.001) remained independently and significantly correlated with aortic calcification. Conclusion: Age above 65 years and hypertension were independent risk factors for the presence of valvular cardiac calcification, with mitral valve calcification alone emerging as significantly and independently associated with the presence of CAD

Calcifilaxis: revisión de tema acerca de la calcifilaxis del pene / Calciphylaxis: review of the topic about penile calcifilaxis

Resumen:La calcifilaxis es una alteración vascular considerada como un síndrome multifactorial, que afecta la túnica media de las arterias más pequeñas causando isquemia del pene y esto a su vez una gangrena de rápida evolución.Su etiopatogenia aun no es muy clara y la bibliografía acerca de esta condición es escasa, a pesar de que su incidencia ha ido en aumento en los últimos años. La calcifilaxis del pene es una condición casi exclusiva para pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica que reciben diálisis y frecuentemente es subdiagnosticada por los profesionales de la salud. Sus manifestaciones clínicas son altamente agresivas y de rápida evolución, además asocia una alta morbi-mortalidad por lo que debe diagnosticarse con la mayor brevedad posible. El manejo de los pacientes con calcifilaxis es multidisciplinario, en el intervienen tanto el urólogo como el nefrólogo y su tratamiento debe personalizarse según las condiciones de cada paciente, iniciando como primera medida con un manejoconservador y posteriormente quirúrgico si no se logra la respuesta deseada.

Abstract:Calciphylaxis is a vascular disorder, considered a multifactorial syndrome that affects the media of small caliber vessels, causing penile ischemia and in turn, rapidly evolving gangrene. Despite the raising incidence rates in recent years, literary information is limited, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. This condition is almost entirely attributed to chronic kidney disease patients receiving dialysis treatment, and is often clinically underdiagnosed by health care professionals. Clinically, calciphylaxis is considered to be rapidly evolving and highly aggressive, associated with high morbility and mortality rates, making prompt diagnosis imperative.

Aterectomia rotacional em artérias com calcificação extrema ou falha em dilatação prévia: aspectos técnicos e evolução tardia após intervenção coronária percutânea / Rotational atherectomy in arteries with extreme calcification or previous failed dilation: technical aspects and late outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention

A aterectomia rotacional com incorporação de novas estratégias ablativas tem sido proposta para o preparo de lesões extremamente calcificadas. Entretanto, pouco se conhece a respeito da adoçãodessas novas estratégias na prática contemporânea e sobre a evolução tardia dos pacientes submetidos aesse tratamento. Objetivamos avaliar os aspectos técnicos da aterectomia e a evolução tardia dos pacientesquanto à ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM). Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo e unicêntrico, incluindo todos os pacientes submetidos à aterectomiarotacional como parte do tratamento de lesões coronárias com calcificação extrema ou falha de dilataçãoem procedimento prévio, no período de julho de 2012 a novembro de 2014. Foram definidos como ECAM: óbito, infarto agudo do miocárdio com onda Q ou nova revascularização do vaso-alvo.Resultados: Foram submetidos à aterectomia 29 pacientes com idade média de 69,5 ± 7,6 anos. A médiada relação oliva/vaso foi de 0,54 ± 0,07; a velocidade de rotação inicial adotada foi de 161.000 ± 13.928 e a taxa de utilização de cutting balloon pós-aterectomia foi de 45,1%. Sucesso angiográfico foi obtido em todos os procedimentos. Na evolução tardia, a mediana de tempo de seguimento foi de 13,2 meses (intervalo interquartil: 4,0 a 17,4 meses). Foram registrados um óbito por causa não cardíaca e duas novas revascularizações do vaso-alvo. A média do tempo de sobrevivência livre de ECAM foi de 29,7 ± 2,1 meses.Conclusões: A aterectomia rotacional contemporânea incorporou estratégias menos agressivas de ablação,com elevada taxa de sucesso imediato e baixa ocorrência de ECAM na evolução tardia...

Rotational atherectomy with new ablative strategies have been proposed for the treatment of extremely calcified lesions prior to stent implantation. Nevertheless, few data are available about the adoption of these new strategies in contemporary practice and about late outcomes of patients undergoing this therapy. Methods: From July 2012 to November 2014, a retrospective single center registry was conducted, including all patients undergoing rotational atherectomy as part of the treatment of coronary arteries with heavy calcification or previous failed dilation. We evaluated technical aspects of atherectomy and late outcomes of patients for the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as death, Q-wave myocardial infarction or repeat target vessel revascularization.Results: Twenty-nine patients with a mean age of 69.5 ± 7.6 years, underwent atherectomy. The averageburr-to-artery ratio was 0.54 ± 0.07, the initial rotational speed was 161.000 ± 13.928 and the rate of cuttingballoon utilization after atherectomy was 45.1%. Angiographic success was achieved in all procedures. The median follow-up time was 13.2 months (IQ: 4.0-17.4) and there were three events: 1 death of non cardiac cause and 2 new target vessel revascularizations. The mean MACE-free survival time was 29.7 ± 2.1 months. Conclusions: Contemporary rotational atherectomy incorporates less aggressive strategies of ablation with high rates of acute success and low occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events during late follow-up...

Avaliação da associação da gordura pericárdica medida pela tomografia computadorizada com o escore de cálcio coronário em pacientes renais crônicos não dialíticos / Assessment of the association of pericardial fat measured by computed tomography and the coronary artery calcium score in not on dialysis chronic renal disease patients

A gordura pericárdica (GP), um componente do tecido adiposo visceral, tem sido consistentemente relacionada com aterosclerose coronária na população geral. Este estudo avaliou a associação entre GP e a calcificação arterial coronária (CAC) em pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) não dialítica. Este é um estudo transversal post-hoc da linha de base de coorte prospectiva de 117 pacientes com DRC em seguimento ambulatorial sem doença coronária manifesta (idade, 56,8 ± 11 anos; 64% do sexo masculino; 95,1% hipertensos; 25,2% diabéticos; 15,5% com história prévia de tabagismo; e estágios 2 a 5 da DRC e ritmo de filtração glomerular estimado de 36,8 ± 18,1 ml/min). O escore de CAC, volume de GP e gordura visceral abdominal (GVA) foram medidos por tomografia computadorizada. A associação da GP, como variável contínua, com a presença de CAC foi analisada por regressão logística multivariada. CAC (escore de cálcio>0) esteve presente em 59,2% dos pacientes. Na comparação com os pacientes sem CAC, aqueles com CAC eram 10 anos mais velhos, apresentaram maior proporção de homens (78,7% versus 42,9%, p < 0.001), tiveram maior circunferência de abdominal (95,9 ± 10,7 versus 90,2 ± 13,2 centímetros, p=0,02), maior volume de GP (224,8 ± 107,6 versus 139,1 ± 85,0 cm³, p < 0,01), e maior área de GVA (109,2 ± 81,5 versus 70,2 ± 62,9 cm², p=0,01). Em análise multivariada ajustada para idade, sexo, diabetes, história de tabagismo, história de tabagismo, e hipertrofia ventricular concêntrica; GP esteve significantemente associada com a presença de CAC (OR: 1,88 95% IC: 1,03-3,43 por desvio padrão, p=0,04). GP permaneceu associada com CAC mesmo após ajuste adicional para ritmo de filtração glomerular e fósforo sérico (OR: 1,85 95% IC: 1,00 - 3,42, p=0,05). A GP está independentemente associada com CAC em pacientes com DRC não dialítica.

Pericardial fat (PF), a component of visceral adipose tissue has been consistently related to coronary atherosclerosis in the general population. This study evaluated the association between PF and coronary artery calcification (CAC) in non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This is a post-hoc cross sectional analysis of the baseline of a prospective cohort of 117 outward CKD patients without manifest coronary artery disease (age, 56.9 ± 11.0 years, 64,1% males, 95.1% hypertensive, 25.2% diabetics, 15.5% ever smokers, CKD stage 2 to 5 with estimated glomerular filtration rate 36.8 ± 18.1 ml/min). CAC scores, PF volume and abdominal visceral fat (AVF) areas were measured by computed tomography. The association of PF as a continuous variable with the presence of CAC was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. CAC (calcium score >0) was present in 59.2% patients. On the comparison with patients with no CAC, those with CAC were 10 years older on average, had a higher proportion of male gender (78.7% vs. 42.9%, p < 0.001), and had higher values of waist circumference (95.9 ± 10.7 versus 90.2 ± 13.2 cm, p=0.02), PF volumes (224.8±107.6 versus 139.1±85.0 cm³, p < 0.01) and AVF areas (109.2 ± 81.5 versus 70.2 ± 62.9 cm², p=0.01). In the multivariate analysis, adjusting for age, gender, diabetes, smoking and, left ventricular concentric hypertrophy, PF was significantly associated with the presence of CAC (OR: 1.88 95% CI: 1.03-3.43 per standard deviation, p=0.04). PF remained associated with CAC even after additional adjustments for estimated glomerular filtration rate or serum phosphorus (OR: 1.85 95% CI: 1.00-3.42, p=0.05). PF is independently associated with CAC in non-dialysis dependent CKD patients.

Associação entre calcificações arteriais mamárias e fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular em mulheres menopausadas / Association between breast arterial calcifications and cardiovascular risk factors in menopausal women

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presença de calcificações arteriais em mamografias de mulheres menopausadas e a sua associação com fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal e retrospectivo, em que foram analisados as mamografias e os prontuários médicos de 197 pacientes atendidas no período entre 2004 e 2005. As variáveis do estudo foram: calcificação arterial mamária, acidente vascular cerebral, síndrome coronariana aguda, idade, obesidade, diabetes mellitus, tabagismo e hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Para a análise estatística dos dados, utilizaram-se os testes de Mann-Whitney, χ2 e Cochran-Armitage, sendo também avaliadas as razões de prevalência entre as variáveis descritas e calcificação arterial mamária. Os dados foram analisados com o software SAS, versão 9.1. RESULTADOS: Dos 197 exames e prontuários analisados, observou-se a prevalência de 36,6% para calcificações arteriais nas mamografias. Entre os fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular avaliados, os mais frequentes foram: hipertensão (56,4%), obesidade (31,9%), tabagismo (15,2%) e diabetes (14,7%). A síndrome coronariana aguda e o acidente vascular cerebral tiveram prevalências de 5,6 e 2,0% respectivamente. Entre as mamografias de mulheres diabéticas, a maior ocorrência foi de calcificação arterial mamária com razão de prevalência de 2,1 (IC95%1,0-4,1) e valor p de 0,02. Por outro lado, nas mamografias de pacientes fumantes, foi menor a ocorrência de calcificação arterial mamária com razão de prevalência de 0,3 (IC95% 0,1-0,8). Hipertensão arterial sistêmica, obesidade, diabetes mellitus, acidente vascular cerebral e síndrome coronariana aguda não apresentaram ...

PURPOSE: To analyze associations between mammographic arterial mammary calcifications in menopausal women and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study, in which we analyzed the mammograms and medical records of 197 patients treated between 2004 and 2005. Study variables were: breast arterial calcifications, stroke, acute coronary syndrome, age, obesity, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and hypertension. For statistical analysis, we used the Mann-Whitney, χ2 and Cochran-Armitage tests, and also evaluated the prevalence ratios between these variables and mammary artery calcifications. Data were analyzed with the SAS version 9.1 software. RESULTS: In the group of 197 women, there was a prevalence of 36.6% of arterial calcifications on mammograms. Among the risk factors analyzed, the most frequent were hypertension (56.4%), obesity (31.9%), smoking (15.2%), and diabetes (14.7%). Acute coronary syndrome and stroke presented 5.6 and 2.0% of prevalence, respectively. Among the mammograms of women with diabetes, the odds ratio of mammary artery calcifications was 2.1 (95%CI 1.0-4.1), with p-value of 0.02. On the other hand, the mammograms of smokers showed the low occurrence of breast arterial calcification, with an odds ratio of 0.3 (95%CI 0.1-0.8). Hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, stroke and acute coronary syndrome were not significantly associated with breast arterial calcification. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of breast arterial calcification was associated with diabetes mellitus and was negatively associated with smoking. The presence of calcification was independent of the other risk factors for cardiovascular disease analyzed. .

Association of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and aortic valve sclerosis / Asociación de hiperostosis esquelética idiopática difusa y esclerosis valvular aórtica

The principal objective of this investigation was to analyze the association between diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and the presence of aortic valve sclerosis (AVS). For this study we used results from 1000 consecutive outpatients (473 males), older than 50 years of age (average 67.6 years), that had been examined with Doppler echocardiogram and anterior and lateral chest radiographs. Overall, 195 patients (19.5%) were diagnosed with DISH and 283 (28.3%) with AVS. DISH was more prevalent than AVS in males (66.7% vs. 42.6%, p< 0.0001) and in older patients (73.6 ± 9 years vs. 66.1 ± 9 years, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, 55.4% of patients with dorsal DISH presented aortic sclerosis calcification vs. 21.7% of patients free of DISH (OR = 4.47; 95% CI = 3.22-6.21). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) was calculated by sex and age resulting in 3.04 (95% CI = 2.12-4.36; p < .0001). A statistically significant association was found between DISH and AVS in accordance to age and sex. The biological plausibility of this association is based on similar risk factors, pathogenic mechanisms and vascular complications.

El objetivo principal fue analizar la asociación entre la hiperostosis esquelética idiopática difusa (DISH) y la presencia de esclerosis valvular aórtica (AVS). Se evaluaron los resultados de 1000 pacientes ambulatorios consecutivos (473 varones), mayores de 50 años (promedio, 67.6 años), que habían sido examinados con un ecocardiograma Doppler y radiología torácica anterior y lateral. Globalmente, 195 pacientes (19.5%) tuvieron diagnóstico de DISH y 283 (28.3%) de AVS. DISH fue más prevalente que AVS en varones (66.7% vs. 42.6%, p < 0.0001) y en pacientes de mayor edad (73.6 ± 9 años vs. 66.1 ± 9 años, p < 0.0001). Además, 55.4% de los pacientes con DISH dorsal presentaron AVS vs. 21.7% de los pacientes sin DISH (OR = 4.47; 95% CI = 3.22-6.21). El odds ratio (OR) ajustado por sexo y edad fue 3.04 (95% CI = 2.12-4.36; p < 0.0001). Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre DISH y AVS, que se mantuvo después de ajustar por sexo y edad. La plausibilidad biológica de esta asociación se basa en los factores de riesgo, mecanismos patogénicos y complicaciones vasculares compartidos.

Distúrbio mineral ósseo e calcificação vascular em pacientes renais crônicos / Mineral and bone disorder and vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease

Calcificações vasculares têm sido associadas aos distúrbios minerais e ósseos. As alterações nas concentrações séricas de cálcio e fosfato são fatores importantes implicados no processo da calcificação arterial na doença renal crônica. A patogênese da calcificação vascular é um mecanismo complexo e não completamente claro, podendo corresponder a um processo ativo de transformação celular e ossificação heterotópica. Além da hipercalcemia e hiperfosfatemia, estão envolvidos neste processo alterações no metabolismo de substâncias inibidoras e promotoras de calcificação como a fetuína A, osteopontina, osteoprotegerina e proteína de matriz gla. Para o diagnóstico da lesão arterial calcificada, estão disponíveis diversos métodos, um método de estimativa do risco cardiovascular baseado em radiografias simples de coluna lombar e outro método baseado em radiografias simples da pelve e das mãos. Apresentamos, a seguir, uma revisão abordando a relação entre calcificações vasculares e os distúrbios minerais.

Vascular calcifications has been associated with bone and mineral disorders. The alterations in the serum level of calcium concentrations and phosphate are importants factors implicated in the arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease. The pathogenesis of vascular calcification is a complex mechanism and not completely clear, being able to correspond to an active process of cellular transformation and heterotopic ossification. Beyond the hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, they are involved in this process changes in the metabolism of inhibitors and promoters of calcification such as fetuin A, osteopontin, osteoprotegerin, and matrix gla protein. For the diagnosis of the calcified arterial injury are available several complementary methods, a method of estimate of the cardiovascular risk based on plain radiographs of the lumbar column and another method based on simple x-rays of the pelvis and hands. Below, we will present a review approching the link between vascular calcifications and mineral disorders.

Valor do escore de calcio coronariano para prever a gravidade ou complexidade da doenca arterial coronariana / Value of coronary artery calcium score to predict severity or complexity of coronary artery disease

FUNDAMENTO: A previsão de gravidade ou complexidade da doença arterial coronariana (DAC) é valiosa devido ao aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Embora a associação entre o escore do cálcio arterial coronariano (CAC), e a gravidade da DAC pelo escore Gensini não tenha sido utilizado, já foi anteriormente demonstrado. Não há informações sobre a associação entre o escore do CAC total e a complexidade da DAC. OBJETIVOS: Investigar a associação entre a gravidade ou complexidade da doença arterial coronariana (DAC), avaliada pelo escore Gensini e SYNTAX (SS), respectivamente, e o escore do cálcio arterial coronariano (CAC), um método não invasivo para avaliação de DAC em pacientes sintomáticos com DAC significativa. MÉTODOS: Duzentos e quatorze pacientes foram incluídos. A pontuação total do CAC foi obtido antes da angiografia. A severidade e complexidade da DAC foram avaliadas pelo escore Gensini e SS, respectivamente. Foram analisadas as associações entre parâmetros clínicos e angiográficos e o escore total do CAC. RESULTADOS: A mediana do escore total do CAC foi de 192 (23,0-729,8), e correlacionou-se positivamente com ambos os escores Gensini (r: 0,299, p < 0,001) e ES (r: 0,577, p < 0,001). Na análise multivariada associou-se independentemente com a idade (ß: 0,154, p: 0,027), sexo masculino (ß: 0,126, p: 0,035) e ES (ß: 0,481, p < 0,001). A análise da curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) revelou um valor de corte > 809 para ES > 32 (tercil de SS alto). CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes sintomáticos com DAC significativa, o escore total de CAC foi independentemente associado com SS e os pacientes com SS > 32 podem ser detectados através de escore Agatston alto. .

BACKGROUND: Prediction of severity or complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD) is valuable owing to increased risk for cardiovascular events. Although the association between total coronary artery calcium (CAC) score and severity of CAD, Gensini score was not used, it has been previously demonstrated. There is no information about the association between total CAC score and complexity of CAD. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between severity or complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD) assessed by Gensini score and SYNTAX score (SS), respectively, and coronary artery calcium (CAC) score, which is a noninvasive method for CAD evaluation in symptomatic patients with accompanying significant CAD. METHODS: Two-hundred-fourteen patients were enrolled. Total CAC score was obtained before angiography. Severity and complexity of CAD was assessed by Gensini score and SS, respectively. Associations between clinical and angiographic parameters and total CAC score were analyzed. RESULTS: Median total CAC score was 192 (23.0-729.8), and this was positively correlated with both Gensini score (r: 0.299, p<0.001) and SS (r: 0.577, p<0.001). At multivariate analysis, it was independently associated with age (ß: 0.154, p: 0.027), male gender (ß: 0.126, p: 0.035) and SS (ß: 0.481, p< 0.001). Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed a cut-off value > 809 for SS >32 (high SS tertile). CONCLUSION: In symptomatic patients with accompanying significant CAD, total CAC score was independently associated with SS and patients with SS >32 may be detected through high Agatston score. .

The association of breast arterial calcification and metabolic syndrome

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the relationship between metabolic syndrome and breast arterial calcification detected via mammography in a cohort of postmenopausal subjects. METHODS: Among 837 patients referred to our radiology department for mammographic screening, 310 postmenopausal females (105 patients with and 205 patients without breast arterial calcification) aged 40 to 73 (mean 55.9±8.4) years were included in this study. The groups were compared with respect to clinical characteristics and metabolic syndrome criteria. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified the factors related to breast arterial calcification. RESULTS: Age, postmenopausal duration and the frequencies of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and metabolic syndrome were significantly higher in the subjects with breast arterial calcification than in those without (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that age (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1-1.6, p = 0.001) and metabolic syndrome (OR = 4.0, 95% CI = 1.5−10.4, p = 0.005) were independent predictors of breast arterial calcification detected via mammography. The independent predictors among the features of metabolic syndrome were low levels of high-density lipoproteins (OR = 8.1, 95% ...

The occurrence of dental caries is associated with atherosclerosis

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have suggested that marginal periodontitis is a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis. The objective of this study was to determine whether caries may also be associated with atherosclerosis. METHODS: The computed tomography data sets of 292 consecutive patients, 137 women and 155 men with a mean age of 54.1±17.3 years, were analyzed. Caries were quantified based on the number of decayed surfaces of all the teeth, and periodontitis was quantified on the basis of the horizontal bone loss in the jaw. The presence of chronic apical periodontitis (CAP) was assessed, and the aortic atherosclerotic burden was quantified using a calcium scoring method. RESULTS: The patients with <1 caries surfaces/tooth had a lower atherosclerotic burden (0.13±0.61 mL) than patients with ≥1 caries surfaces/tooth. The atherosclerotic burden was greater in patients with a higher number of lesions with pulpal involvement and more teeth with chronic apical periodontitis. In the logistical regression models, age (Wald 49.3), number of caries per tooth (Wald 26.4), periodontitis (Wald 8.6), and male gender (Wald 11) were found to be independent risk factors for atherosclerosis. In the linear regression analyses, age and the number of decayed surfaces per tooth were identified as influencing factors associated with a higher atherosclerotic burden, and the number of restorations per tooth was associated with a lower atherosclerotic burden. CONCLUSION: Dental caries, pulpal caries, and chronic apical periodontitis are associated positively, while restorations are associated inversely, with aortic atherosclerotic burden. Prospective studies are required to confirm these observations and answer the question of possible causality. .